![]() The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-human World. Key Journals in Sociolinguistics: Ībram, David.Do You Speak American? – What is Sociolinguistics?: pbs.org.Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings. Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook. Sociolinguistics Resources – Books, Journals, and Helpful Links.In general, then, backstage conduct is one which allows minor acts which might easily be taken as symbolic of intimacy and disrespect for others present and the region, while front region conduct is one which disallows such potentially offensive behavior” (Goffman 1956:78). The frontstage of behavior language can be taken as the absence (and in some sense the opposite) of this. The backstage language consists of reciprocal first-naming, co-operative decision-making, profanity, open sexual remarks, elaborate griping, smoking, rough informal dress, ‘sloppy’ sitting and standing posture, use of dialect or sub-standard speech, mumbling and shouting, playful aggressivity and ‘kidding’, inconsiderateness for the other in minor but potentially symbolic acts, minor physical self-involvements, such as humming, whistling, chewing, nibbling, belching and flatulence. “Throughout Western society there seems to be one informal or backstage language of behavior, and another language of behavior for occasions when a performance is being presented.One consequence of historical segregation in the United States is that a large proportion of African Americans speak a distinctive version of English, with different rules for pronunciation, diction, grammar, and syntax from that ordinarily spoken by whites” (McNamee and Miller 2013:191). “ Segregation itself makes linguistic profiling possible. ![]() It is the chief vehicle by which people communicate ideas, information, attitudes, and emotions to one another, and it is the principal means by which human beings create culture and transmit it from generation to generation” (Hughes and Kroehler 2008:47). “ Language is the cornerstone of every culture. ![]() It may be best, then, to leave language undefined, and to thus acknowledge its open-endedness, its mysteriousness” (Abram 1996:73). We are therefore unable to circumscribe the whole of language within our definition. For the only medium with which we can define language is language itself. “Every attempt to definitely say what language is is subject to a curious limitation. ![]() Their confident demeanor, in turn, enables upper- and upper-middle-class speakers to project images of credibility, honesty, and competence that are important in all social arenas-especially the workplace” (Thompson and Hickey 2012:221). Members of the upper class speak more directly and in a more assured manner than do members of the working and lower classes.
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